Two-color (two-photon) excitation with focused excitation beams and a raman shifter

ABSTRACT

Two-color (two-photon) excitation with two confocal excitation beams is demonstrated with a Raman shifter as excitation light source. Two-color excitation fluorescence is obtained from Coumarin 6H dye sample (peak absorption=394 nm, peak fluorescence=490 nm) that is excited using the first two Stokes outputs (683 nm, 954 nm, two-color excitation=398 nm) of a Raman shifter pumped by a 6.5 nsec pulsed 532 nm-Nd:YAG laser (Repetition rate=10 Hz). The two Stokes pulses overlap for a few nanoseconds and two-color fluorescence is generateven with focusing objectives of low numerical apertures (NA≦0.4). We observed the linear dependence of the two-color fluorescence signal with the product of the average intensities of the two Stokes excitation beams. The two-color fluorescence distribution is strongly localized around the common focus of the confocal excitation beams.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method for inducing highly localized light absorption in, materials via two-color (two-photon) excitation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Two-color (two-photon) excitation (2CE) microscopy has been proposed [Lindek, S. and E. Stelzer, Opt Left 24 (1999), 1505-1507] where a specimen is excited by pair of photons of different wavelengths λ₁ and λ₂. The single-photon excitation (1P) wavelength λ_(e) of the sample is related to λ₁ and λ₂ according to: 1/λ_(e)=1/λ₁+1/λ₂. 2CE may be implemented with two confocal excitation beams that make an angle θ with respect to each other. Two-photon excitation (2PE) is a special case of 2CF microscopy where: λ₁=λ₂=2λ_(e)=λ_(2p).

The implementation of 2CE is seriously hindered by the lack of a suitable light source that permits for an efficient two-color excitation. 2CE with λ₁=380 nm and λ₂=780 nm, has been reported earlier [Lakowicz, J., et al., J. Phys. Chem., 100 (1996), 19406-19411] with a cavity-dumped dye laser which is an excitation source that is difficult to adapt in a 2CF microscope set-up.

We have discovered a new and efficient method of achieving 2CE with two confocal excitation beams via a Raman shifter as a single light source for both λ₁ and λ₂. 2CE is demonstrated in a Coumarin 6H (C₁₅H₁₅NO₂) sample using the first two Stokes outputs (λ₁=683 nm, λ₂=954 nm) of the Raman shifter.

2CE with focused excitation beam(s) and a Raman shifter as light source has not yet been reported. A previous work by Uesugi et al. [J Raman Spectrosc. 31(4) (2000), 339-348] utilized two-color excitation (λ₁=525 nm, λ₂=560 nm) with a collimated beam from a Raman laser and only for excitation/absorption studies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in one broad sense, is the discovery that two-color (two-photon) excitation with focused beam(s) may be achieved with a Raman shifter. The process makes use of the fact that the Raman shifter could act as the light source for all the excitation wavelengths (λ₁, λ₂) that are needed in two-color excitation.

Our work provides a promising first step towards the realization of a practical 2CE microscope. The Raman shifter is a versatile excitation light source for 2CE. It is inexpensive and simpler to construct and operate than a dye laser which requires a cavity resonator, a spectrometer for spectral tuning, and a dye regulator assembly. With a Raman shifter, the optimal conditions for spatial and temporal overlap between the two excitation pulses is achieved without great difficulty unlike in set-ups where λ₁ and λ₂ are obtained from two different light sources.

Moreover, the temporal coherence of a shifter is easily controlled via the gas pressure P in the Raman cell and the Stokes (S) and anti-Stokes (aS) output frequencies are readily tuned via the pump frequency ω_(p) or pump energy E_(in) [Garcia, W., Palero J. and C. Saloma, Opt. Commun 197/1-3 (2001), 109-114]. The Raman lines are intense, unidirectional and coherent with strongly correlated phases which most probably explains the efficiency in which 2CF has been accomplished.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description of the invention can be readily appreciated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the set-up for 2CE with a Raman shifter that is pumped with a 10 Hz pulsed Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.

FIG. 2 shows the normalized A(λ) and 2CE fluorescence signal F_(2c)(λ) of Coumarin 6H (E_(in)=14 mJ, P=0.69 MPa, θ=30 deg, NA≈0.085). F_(2c)(λ) as compared with the residual 2PE fluorescence signals: F_(2pS1)(λ) and F_(2pS2)(λ), obtained with only one excitation beam present.

FIG. 3 presents 2CE fluorescence signal F_(2c) vs. I₁I₂: a) θ=0, and b) θ=110 degrees, where E_(in)=10 mJ, P=0.69 MPa, NA=0.35. Values are in arbitrary units and represent the average of 10 trials.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood with reference to the accompanying figures, in which details of the preferred manner of practicing the present art are described. Accordingly, persons of skill in the appropriate arts may modify the disclosures of the present invention but still obtain the favorable results described herein. Since the underlying principles about 2CE with focused beams and a Raman shifter are key to the process, a description of the same is in order.

Referring to FIG. 1, a Raman shifter is optically pumped by a pulsed Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1). The Gaussian-shaped pump pulse has a full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 6.5 nsec. Plane mirrors (2) and lens (5) direct and focuses the pump beam into a Raman cell (6) sealed with fused Silica windows. E_(in) and pump beam diameter values are adjusted via a Glan laser polarizer (4) and a diaphragm (3), respectively. The Raman outputs are collimated by a lens (7)-diaphragm (8) system and passed through a pair of dichroic mirrors (9, 10) that sequentially diverts the 532-nm line and the aS lines (<550 nm) to the beam dumps (11, 12). The continuing linearly-polarized S1 and S2 beams are then dispersed by Pellin-Broca prisms (13, 14) to obtain the two confocal excitation beams. Polarizers (15, 16) are used to vary the excitation energies of the confocal S1 and S2 beams which are focused towards the sample (19) by a pair of identical lenses (17, 18). As a demonstration, we used: λ₁=683 nm (S1 line) and λ₂=954 nm (S2 line) to obtain a value of λ_(e)=398 nm, which is near the peak absorption (394 nm) of Coumarin 6H (peak fluorescence≈490 nm) in ethanol (dye concentration ˜1.3 g/L). Plane mirrors (20, 21) are also used to direct the S1 and S2 beams towards the sample.

The Raman medium is 99.9999% hydrogen which has the largest Raman shift ω_(r) among known Raman media (ω_(r)=4155.2 cm⁻¹). The frequency of the first S-line S1 is: ω_(S1)=ω_(p)−ω_(r). With ω_(p)=18,797 cm⁻¹ (λ_(p)=532 nm), we obtained the following Raman output lines (in nm): 192.2 (aS8), 208.8 (aS7), 228.7 (aS6), 252.7 (aS5), 282.3 (aS4), 319.9 (aS3), 368.9 (aS2), 435.7 (aS1), 683 (S1), 953.6 (S2), and 1579.5 (S3).

A Raman line is generated only if its corresponding threshold E_(in) value is reached. Because the threshold values increase with the order number, the various Raman pulses are not produced simultaneously in time. In our Raman shifter, all the possible S-lines are generated when E_(in)≧13.9 mJ. The pulse energies of the S1 and S2 lines reach their peak values at E_(in)≈14 mJ, where e(S1)=23% and e(S2)=10%. At E_(in)=14 mJ, S3 is observed only in the P-range: 0.62≦P(MPa)≦1.03. The aS lines are less efficient to produce [e(%)'s<10%]. Saturation prevents the e(%)'s of the Raman lines from increasing any further beyond E_(in)=13.9 mJ.

Before the appearance of the S2 pulse (E_(in)<4.5 mJ), the S1 pulse-shape (threshold=3 mJ) is approximately Gaussian with an FWHM that (slightly) decreases with E_(in) (FWHM≈6 nsec at E_(in)=2.5 mJ). Once the S2 pulse exists (4.5 mJ<E_(in)<5.6 mJ), the S1 pulse-shape begins to deteriorate (and broadens) with increasing E_(in). Before the S3 pulse is generated (E_(in)<5.6 mJ), the profile of the S2 pulse is also approximately Gaussian.

At θ≠0, the two confocal excitation beams are separately focused by a pair of identical lenses (17, 18). We had a choice between a pair of singlets (diameter=50.8 mm, focal length=300 mm) or a pair of infinity-corrected infrared objectives (NA=0.35, working distance=6.8 mm, Nachet). Incompatibility problems between the cuvette dimensions, objective barrel design, and the 6.8 mm-working distance restricted the confocal geometry of the 0.35 NA focusing objectives to within: 100 deg<θ<120 deg (or equivalently, 240 deg<θ<260 deg). Confocal configuration at other θ-values were realized using the singlet pair.

At the common focus, the total energy of the S1 and S2 pulses was kept at sufficiently low values (˜1 mJ for θ=0, and ˜1.4 mJ at other θ values) to minimize the generation of unwanted 2PF signal by the individual excitation beams. It also prevents the rapid photodegradation of the dye sample. The S1 and S2 energies were made as close to each other as possible by inducing optical losses for the S1 beam as it passes through PB1, PB2, mirror M, and polarizer P2.

FIG. 2 plots (in log scale) the absorption band A(λ) and three different types of fluorescence signals [labeled F_(2c)(λ) F_(2pS1)(λ) and F_(2pS2)(λ)] that were generated from the Coumarin 6H sample. A spectrophotometer was utilized to measure A(λ) which exhibited low absorption at λ>460 nm.

The strongest fluorescence signal F_(2c)(λ) was only detected when the two confocal S1 and S2 beams (θ=30 deg) were both present in the sample. All the fluorescence signals exhibited spatial distributions that were highly localized around the common focus of the focusing singlet pair. F_(2pS1)(λ) and F_(2pS2)(λ) are residual signals that were detected when the sample was excited by the S1 (λ_(e)=342 nm) or S2 beam (λ_(e)=477 nm) alone. In the range: 500≦λ(nm)≦550, both the F_(2pS1)(λ) and F_(2pS2)(λ) are an order of magnitude weaker than F_(2c)(λ).

We determine the dependence of F_(2c)(490 nm) with the product I₁I₂ at different θ-values. Average intensity I₁ is proportional to the average energy E₁ of the S1 pulse. A similar definition holds for I₂. Before their angular separation, the collinear S1 and S2 beams were passed through the polarizer (15), and the E₁ and E₂ values could be simultaneously varied by rotating the said polarizer. The ratio E₁/E₂ was always maintained at 1.4.

At the common focus and in the absence of the sample, we measured the total average energy (E₁+E₂) with a pyroelectric detector. With the sample, we then measured the generated F_(2c) signal for the same set of (E₁+E₂) values. At θ=110 degrees (FIG. 3 b), the confocal S1 and S2 beams were focused using a pair of 0.35 NA objective lenses. At θ=0 (FIG. 3 a), only one objective lens was utilized. We plotted F_(2c) as a function of I₁I₂ for θ=0 (FIG. 3 a), and 110 deg (FIG. 5 b).

For both θ values, the 2CE fluorescence F_(2c) plots generally exhibit a linear dependence with I₁I₂. At θ=0, the F_(2c) values are generally larger because the confocality condition is easier to satisfy with only one focusing lens. We emphasize that the F_(2c) values presented in FIGS. 3 a-b, were not obtained if the S1 and S2 beams did not overlap at their common focus. We also verified that: F_(2c)>F_(2pS1)+F_(2ps2).

With a Raman shifter as the excitation light source [λ₁=683 nm (S1 line), λ₂=954 nm (S2 line)], we generated a 2CF signal from a Coumarin 6H dye sample (λ_(e)≈394 nm, peak fluorescence≈490 nm). 2CE fluorescence generation was achieved with two confocal excitation beams separated by an angle θ. The 2CE fluorescence signal distribution has been found to be highly localized around the common focus of the excitation beams.

A relatively strong F_(2c) signal was only observed when the confocal S1 and S2 beams were both present in the sample. The residual signal F_(2pS1) (F_(2ps2)) was to only detected when S1 (S2) was allowed into the sample. We claim that F_(2ps1)(λ) and F_(2ps2)(λ) are the 2PE fluorescence signals of S1 and S2, respectively. More importantly, we assert that F_(2c)(λ) is a 2CE fluorescence signal. The fact that: F_(2c)(λ)>>F_(2ps1)(λ)+F_(2ps2)(λ) is a simple proof that both S1 and S2 are required for F_(2c)(λ).

The results in FIGS. 3 a-b indicate that the theoretically predicted linear dependence of F_(2c) with I₁I₂ is not strictly obeyed particularly at θ=110 degrees. The solid curves in FIGS. 3 a-b are described by: F_(2c)(θ=0)=32.975I₁I₂−0.004, and F_(2c)(110 deg)=10.461I₁I₂+0.086, respectively. Erroneously, the curves reveal that even with I₁ (or I₂)=0, nonzero F_(2c) signals are still generated. The possible causes for such errors are: (1) S1 and S2 pulses did not exactly overlapped with each other and were not totally utilized for 2CE fluorescence generation, (2) unwanted 2PE fluorescence contributions from the individual S1 and S2 beams which could be considerable when E₁≠E₂, and (3) reflective losses at the optical interfaces in the set-up which could be different for the S1 and S2 beams. At θ=110 degrees, deviations from the confocality condition for the S1 and S2 beams are more likely and could result in a larger error in the measured dependence of F_(2c) with I₁I₂ [Lim, M. and C. Saloma, Opt. Commun. 207 (2002), 121-130].

The Raman shifter is a viable excitation light source for 2CE and we have demonstrated it in 2CE fluorescence generation. The localized nature of the 2CE fluorescence signal distribution and the versatility of the Raman shifter as an excitation light source, can still lead to interesting applications in spectroscopy. Aside from lower cost, our technique avoids the following problems which are encountered using two different excitation light sources for 2CE: (1) limitation in available excitation wavelengths which are subject to the constraint: 1/λ_(p)=(1/λ_(S))+(1/λ_(i)), where λ_(p), λ_(s), and λ_(i) are the pump, signal and idler wavelengths respectively, and (2) difficulty in achieving an optimal overlap for the two excitation pulses.

CONCLUSION

Two-color (two-photon) excitation has been demonstrated (in fluorescent samples) with two confocal excitation beams that were taken from the first two Stokes lines (S1 and S2) of an inexpensive hydrogen Raman shifter. 2CE fluorescence was observed only when S1 and S2 were both present in space and time. 2CF signals were detected even with low NA focusing lenses (NA<0.4) and a nonlinear dependence of the 2CF signal with the average excitation intensity was found. We emphasize that 2CE with two focused beams and a Raman shifter is not confined to fluorescence applications only. It can be applied to absorption and optical beam current generation in non-fluorescent resonant samples and semiconductor materials, respectively. 

1. A method for optical excitation of a sample comprising: a) exciting the sample with two wavelengths of light, causing the sample to emit light of distinctive emission characteristics or to change other optical properties, b) generating the two excitation wavelengths from a single light source, c) detecting the emitted light or the optical property change from the sample, (d) moving the sample a pre-determined distance, e) repeating steps (a) to (d) a predetermined number of times thereby creating a multitude of representations of the excitation light spots.
 2. The method as in claim 1, wherein the excitation of sample is accomplished with a Raman shifter as excitation light source.
 3. The method as in claim 2, wherein the excitation of the sample is a two-photon process.
 4. The method as in claim 2, wherein the excitation of the sample is a two-color (two-photon) process.
 5. The method as in claim 1, wherein the two wavelengths of light are obtained from one Raman shifter.
 6. The method as in claim 1, wherein the single light source is a Raman shifter.
 7. The method as in claim 1, wherein the distinctive emission characteristic is fluorescence.
 8. The method as in claim 1, wherein the distinctive emission characteristic is Raman.
 9. The method as in claim 1, wherein the change in other optical properties is a refractive index change.
 10. The method as in claim 1, wherein the excitation wavelengths are generated by optically pumping a Raman cell.
 11. The method as in claim 10, wherein a Raman cell is optically pumped by another laser.
 12. The method as in claim 11, where the laser is a high-peak power pulsed laser.
 13. The method as in claim 11, wherein the Raman cell is filled with a Raman medium.
 14. The method as in claim 12, wherein the Raman medium is gas.
 15. The method as in claim 13, wherein the gas is hydrogen.
 16. The method as in claim 13, wherein the gas is methane.
 17. The method as in claim 13, wherein the gas is deuterium.
 18. The method as in claim 1, wherein the emitted light is detected using a photomultiplier tube or photodiode.
 19. The method as in claim 1, wherein the emitted light is detected via optical fiber bundle.
 20. The method as in claim 1, wherein the sample is moved at a pre-determined distance of 5 microns or less.
 21. The method as in claim 20, wherein moving the sample at three possible orthogonal directions forms the image.
 22. An apparatus for the optical excitation of a sample comprising of a light source, an excitable sample, two confocal excitation beams of two different wavelengths, a photodetector to detect the signal, a sample holder, and a mechanism to move the holder in three possible orthogonal directions.
 23. The apparatus as in claim 22, wherein the light source is a Raman shifter.
 24. The apparatus as claim 22, wherein the mechanism to move the holder is a three-axis translation stage. 